MRI is in the research phases for evaluation of lung parenchymal abnormalities like emphysema. However, this possibility seems less likely in subjects with mild or moderate CLE, in whom percentage predicted FEV1 was relatively preserved. CT is able to discriminate between centrilobular, panlobular, and paraseptal emphysema. Quantitative CT evaluation can successfully identify emphysema, expiratory airflow obstruction, and airway wall thickening (11), but has not been shown to fully capture the information available from visual subtyping of emphysema. Emphysema was identified in 66% of subjects, increasing in prevalence with increasing GOLD stage. The first 4000 were chosen because the duration of follow-up of this group would be longer, and because visual analysis of the remainder of the cohort was not yet complete. Deaths were reported to our central study from the clinical centers. We attribute the low observer variation to the use of a progressive training model, with double reads for all CT examinations. (a) Normal CT scan shows no emphysema. Previous studies generally classified emphysema as CLE, panlobular emphysema, and paraseptal emphysema (16,31–33). (c) Image shows mild centrilobular emphysema (arrows), which involved 0.5%–5.0% of the lung zone. (d) Image shows moderate centrilobular emphysema, which involved more than 5% of the lung zone. ); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md (T.H.B. Compared with subjects retained for analysis, the excluded subjects were slightly younger, more likely to be male, African American, and current smokers, but showed similar levels of symptomatic and functional impairment (Table E1 [online]). Foster WL, Gimenez EI, Roubidoux MA et-al. The visual presence and severity of emphysema is associated with significantly increased mortality risk, independent of the quantitative severity of emphysema. Data in parentheses are 95% confidence intervals. (f) Advanced destructive emphysema with vascular distortion. 4. (b) Image shows trace centrilobular emphysema (circle), which involved less than 0.5% of the lung zone. Types. Visual and quantitative CT evaluation are currently regarded as complementary methods to assess COPD (12). There were 519 deaths in the study cohort. Importantly, our findings suggest that visual analysis of emphysema patterns provides mortality information that is independent of, and complementary to, quantitation of LAA-950. Suga K, Tsukuda T, Awaya H et-al. ), National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson St, Denver, CO 80206; Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (J.H.M.A. Nevertheless, it seems reasonable to expect that, after appropriate training with online reference standards, the five-point classification system for parenchymal emphysema can potentially be incorporated into routine readings of thoracic CT scans (including lung cancer screening scans) by radiologists who do not have access to quantitative imaging. We acknowledge that visual analysis is subjective, and requires substantial training. Kemp SV, Polkey MI, Shah PL. Most notably, the presence of any visual grade of emphysema (beyond trace) was associated with significantly increased mortality, and this increased mortality persisted after adjusting for quantitative severity of emphysema (LAA-950), except among those with advanced destructive emphysema. 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